How to Diversify Your Portfolio: Strategies Every Investor Should Know

Boyce & Associates • May 21, 2025

Diversifying your financial portfolio is a foundational strategy in financial planning to help reduce investment risk and support more consistent returns over time. Instead of relying on a single investment type, diversification involves spreading your money across different asset categories that perform differently under various market conditions.


Below is everything you need to know about portfolio diversification. Read on.


What Does a Diversified Portfolio Really Mean?


A diversified portfolio includes a variety of investment types that respond differently to economic changes. The goal is to reduce the impact of any single investment performing poorly.


The principle is often summed up by the saying, “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” By spreading investments across different categories lowers the chance that a single event will hurt your entire portfolio.


Diversification can be achieved across several dimensions:


  • Asset Classes – Mixing stocks, bonds, real estate, and other investments.
  • Sectors – Investing in a range of industries like healthcare, technology, energy, and consumer goods.
  • Geographies – Including both domestic and international investments.
  • Time Horizons – Balancing short-, medium-, and long-term investment vehicles.

What Assets Are Best for Diversifying a Portfolio?


Choosing the right mix of assets is one of the most important parts of building a diversified portfolio. Below are commonly used asset types that can be combined based on your personal risk tolerance and financial objectives:


  • Stocks – Provide growth potential and can include both U.S. and international companies.
  • Bonds – Offer more stability and income through interest payments; options include corporate, municipal, and treasury bonds.
  • Mutual Funds and ETFs – Allow exposure to many different assets within a single investment product.
  • Real Estate – Can provide long-term growth and income through property value appreciation or rental income.
  • Cash and Equivalents – Includes CDs (Certificate of Deposit), money market funds, and treasury bills; valued for their liquidity and lower risk.
  • Commodities and Precious Metals – Such as gold or oil, often used to hedge against inflation or market declines.
  • Cryptocurrencies – High-risk, high-volatility assets that may offer growth and diversification if used cautiously.

What Is a Good Portfolio Mix?


A balanced portfolio mix depends on factors like age, financial goals, and how much risk you’re comfortable taking. 


Someone in their 30s, focused on long-term growth, might hold 80% in stocks and 20% in bonds or alternatives. A person closer to retirement may shift toward 40% in stocks and 60% in bonds and income-producing assets.


The mix should include a combination of growth-oriented investments—such as individual stocks, equity mutual funds, or ETFs focused on sectors like technology or healthcare—and income-generating or stability-focused assets. These might include government or corporate bonds, dividend-paying stocks, or real estate investment trusts (REITs). 


For example, someone aiming for long-term growth might invest in an S&P 500 index fund for broad equity exposure, while also holding high-yield bonds or dividend-focused ETFs to create a more stable income stream. 


Regularly rebalancing your portfolio—say, once or twice a year—ensures that as market values shift, your asset allocation still reflects your original risk tolerance and financial goals.


Portfolio Allocation Strategies


Effective asset allocation helps align your investments with your financial goals and tolerance for risk. This section explores practical models and methods for structuring a balanced portfolio.


What Is The Perfect Portfolio Allocation?


There is no universal answer to what makes a perfect portfolio allocation. However, several approaches offer useful frameworks for tailoring your investments to your goals and comfort with risk.


One of the most widely used is the age-based model, such as the 60/40 rule, which suggests allocating 60% of your portfolio to stocks and 40% to bonds. As investors get older and seek more stability, they often reduce stock exposure and increase holdings in fixed-income assets.

Another approach is risk-based allocation, where investments are chosen based on how much market volatility you can tolerate. For example, a more conservative investor might favor a heavier bond weighting, while an aggressive investor might tilt toward equities and alternatives.

Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) further refines this process by focusing on how investments interact. It recommends building a portfolio that maximizes expected returns for a given level of risk, based on how asset prices move in relation to one another.


Liquidity and Fund Selection in Diversification


Liquidity plays a critical role in how quickly you can access your money when needed. Understanding which funds to choose and how many to hold can improve flexibility without sacrificing performance.


What Is A Highly Liquid Investment?


Liquidity refers to how quickly and easily an asset can be converted into cash without losing value. Highly liquid investments include:


  • Cash and checking accounts
  • Savings accounts
  • Money market funds
  • Short-term government bonds
  • Exchange-traded funds (ETFs)


These assets are commonly used in portfolios to maintain flexibility, cover short-term needs, or act as a financial cushion during market declines.


How Many Funds Should Be In A Diversified Portfolio?


While there’s no hard rule, holding between 5 to 10 funds can be a good starting point for most investors. This range allows for exposure to different asset classes and markets without becoming overly complex.


Too many overlapping funds can lead to over-diversification, sometimes called "diworsification." This can dilute potential returns and make it difficult to manage the portfolio effectively. Instead, focus on including funds that complement rather than duplicate each other.


Popular Investment Rules for Portfolio Diversification


Several well-known rules of thumb can help guide your decisions on returns, risk, and fund concentration. These rules aren’t foolproof, but they offer helpful frameworks for evaluating your strategy.


What is the 10-5-3 rule of investment?

This rule provides a simple set of expectations for long-term average returns:


  • 10% return from stocks
  • 5% return from bonds
  • 3% return from cash or cash equivalents


While these numbers aren’t guaranteed, they offer a guideline for planning and setting realistic performance expectations.


What is the 75-5-10 rule for diversified funds?


Often applied in fund classification, this rule refers to certain mutual fund requirements:


  • 75% of assets must be invested in securities
  • 5% is the maximum investment in any one issuer
  • 10% is the maximum ownership of voting securities in any one company


Though rooted in regulation, this rule also supports sound diversification by limiting concentration in individual investments.


What is the 3-5-7 rule of investing?


This guideline outlines typical risk-adjusted returns:

  • 3% for cash and equivalents
  • 5% for bonds
  • 7% for stocks


It can be used to set return expectations and evaluate whether a portfolio’s asset mix aligns with your risk tolerance and time horizon.


What is the 5% portfolio rule?


This rule advises that no single investment should make up more than 5% of your total portfolio. It’s a way to manage risk and prevent one poorly performing asset from having an outsized impact on your overall returns.


Indexing and Stock Concentration


Index funds and individual stocks are both key components of a diversified portfolio. This section covers how much index exposure is appropriate and how many stocks provide sufficient diversification.


How Much Of My Portfolio Should Be In The S&P 500?


Broad-market exposure through an index fund tracking the S&P 500 is a common starting point for many investors. It provides immediate diversification across large-cap U.S. companies and reflects overall market performance.


Depending on your financial goals and risk tolerance, allocating 20% to 40% of your portfolio to a broad-market ETF or mutual fund tied to the S&P 500 is a typical range. 


Younger investors with longer time horizons might lean toward the higher end, while more conservative or older investors may aim lower, incorporating more fixed-income assets or international exposure.


How Many Stocks Is Too Many?


When building a portfolio of individual stocks, owning 20 to 30 different companies across multiple sectors is often enough to reduce unsystematic risk without becoming difficult to manage. Going beyond 30 stocks generally leads to diminishing diversification benefits.

More isn’t always better—holding too many similar stocks can replicate sector-specific risks and make the portfolio harder to track and rebalance. The key is to maintain variety without unnecessary complexity.


Famous Investors and Diversification


Looking at how high-profile investors approach diversification offers valuable insight. Their strategies reveal the balance between focus and risk management in portfolio construction.


Does Warren Buffett diversify his portfolio?


Warren Buffett has often spoken against over-diversification, especially for those who deeply understand what they’re investing in. His approach tends to favor concentrated positions in companies he believes are undervalued and have long-term competitive advantages.

That said, his holding company, Berkshire Hathaway, owns a range of businesses across multiple industries, which offers indirect diversification even if the equity investments are more focused.


Why did Bill Gates diversify his portfolio?


After stepping away from day-to-day operations at Microsoft, Bill Gates shifted his investments across different sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and clean energy.


Through his investment firm, Cascade Management LLC, he has taken significant stakes in companies like Republic Services (waste management), Deere & Co. (agricultural machinery), and Canadian National Railway (transportation and infrastructure). Gates has also invested heavily in TerraPower, a nuclear innovation company he co-founded, and Breakthrough Energy Ventures, which backs clean energy startups.


In real estate, his portfolio includes large farmland holdings, making him among the largest private owners of farmland in the United States.


Retirement Focus – How to Diversify a 401(k)


Retirement accounts require a strategic blend of growth and stability over time. Learn how to build a diversified 401(k) using available fund options and rebalancing techniques.


How should I diversify my 401(k)?


A 401(k) plan offers various options to build a diversified retirement portfolio. For simplicity and long-term balance, many investors choose target-date funds (TDF), which automatically adjust asset allocation as you approach retirement age.


For those managing their own allocations, combining index funds, bond funds, and international options can provide broad coverage. It's also important to avoid overconcentration in company stock, especially if your employer offers it as a 401(k) investment choice.


To keep your allocation aligned with your goals, consider rebalancing quarterly or at least once a year. This process involves reviewing your asset mix and making small adjustments to stay on track.


Protect Your Investment And Financial Future Today


Building a diversified financial portfolio is a foundational step in managing risk and achieving long-term growth. 


The right mix will depend on your individual financial situation, investment timeline, and comfort with risk. Regularly reviewing and adjusting your portfolio ensures that it continues to support your evolving objectives.


If you’re uncertain about your next financial move, consider speaking with a professional. Schedule a consultation with Boyce & Associates Wealth Consulting to gain clarity and direction. Whether you're planning for retirement, rebalancing your investments, or just getting started, professional guidance can make all the difference. 


Book a consultation today to take the next step toward a stronger financial future.


FAQs


What’s the difference between diversification and asset allocation?

Diversification refers to spreading your investments across various securities to manage risk. Asset allocation is the strategy of deciding what percentage of your portfolio goes into each asset class, such as stocks, bonds, and cash, based on your goals and risk tolerance.


How often should I rebalance my portfolio?

Rebalancing is typically done once or twice a year, but it may also be necessary when any asset class drifts more than 5–10% from its target allocation. This helps maintain your desired risk level and investment strategy over time.


Can diversification eliminate all investment risk?

Diversification can reduce unsystematic risk—risks specific to individual assets—but it cannot eliminate market-wide or systematic risk. While it helps manage volatility, some risk will always be present in investing.


Is international diversification still recommended?

Yes, including international assets can reduce exposure to region-specific downturns and offer access to global growth opportunities, maybe even more so during periods of trade tension. When the current administration imposed tariffs on imports from China. Certain US sectors like manufacturing and agriculture faced increased costs and retaliatory tariffs.


By holding international assets, investors could reduce their exposure to the U.S.-specific policy risks and benefit from growth in markets less affected by those tariffs. Diversifying globally helps cushion the impact of protectionist policies and ensures you're not overly reliant on one country’s economic performance or political climate.


How can I measure the effectiveness of my diversification strategy?

You can evaluate your diversification strategy using principles from Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), which emphasizes building a portfolio that maximizes expected return for a given level of risk. MPT suggests that combining assets with low or negative correlation—like stocks and bonds, or domestic and international equities—can reduce overall portfolio volatility without sacrificing returns. 


To assess effectiveness, look at your portfolio’s efficient frontier: are you getting the best possible return for the amount of risk you’re taking? Tools like the Sharpe ratio help measure this by comparing your portfolio’s excess return to its standard deviation. If your portfolio sits close to or on the efficient frontier, that’s a strong indicator your diversification is optimized.

By Eric Boyce August 5, 2025
This week, CEO Eric Boyce, CFA discusses: 1. The slowing in the labor economy due to tariffs, etc. 2. 2nd quarter GDP reflected reversal from 1Q - real read through is slowdown in final sales to private domestic purchasers 3. In 25 years, persons over 55 yrs of age own 20% more of the total household assets...implications for wealth planning and transfer 4. Potential implication on long-term interest rates from increased deficits from OBBBA 5. Second quarter earnings stronger than expected; profit margins holding steady amidst increased tariffs 6. Updates on housing starts/sentiment, consumer financial health, PMI data, consumer sentiment
By Jonathan McQuade August 1, 2025
On July 4th Donald Trump signed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBA), a law which extended many of the tax code changes made in the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) and added new provisions that will impact many of our clients. The bill totals a whopping 870+ pages so I’ll try to be as concise as possible.  Lets begin with the extension of tax breaks. The TCJA reduced federal tax bracket rates in 2017 and those lower rates were set to expire at the end of 2025. The OBBA made permanent the reduction in federal tax brackets. Below is a comparison of what rates would have been post TCJA without this permanent extension.
By Eric Boyce August 1, 2025
Dear Clients and Friends,
By Boyce & Associates July 18, 2025
Retiring with $2 million is a milestone many Americans dream of reaching, but what that money actually provides depends heavily on where you live and the lifestyle you envision. In Texas, where the cost of living can vary significantly by region, $2 million can open up a range of retirement possibilities, from modest and stress-free to comfortably upscale. The cost of housing alone can make a significant difference in how far your nest egg stretches, whether you're pursuing upscale city living in Austin or a more relaxed, budget-friendly lifestyle in places like Amarillo. To illustrate this variation, here’s how median home prices and lifestyle considerations differ across several Texas cities:
By Eric Boyce July 14, 2025
This week, CEO Eric Boyce, CFA discusses: 1. small business remain high due to trade policy 2. GDP likely to rebound - I discuss the drivers of the near term reversal and what to expect 3. US dollar weakness - what are the implications, and what is the relationship between inflation and interest rates 4. Recession probability remains low; long term inflation remains anchored 5. analysis of how many businesses are planning to pass through tariffs to customers 6. Trade war likely to take ~0.9% off GDP (per Apollo) - bigger than any most countries. 7. Analyzing debt, consumer credit and spending trends 8. Trends in earnings estimates, investor sentiment 9. college education costs expected to be up +9% year-over-year
By Eric Boyce July 7, 2025
This week, CEO Eric Boyce, CFA discusses: 1. Analysis of recent and upcoming economic growth and consumer spending data 2. Capital spending, housing slowing, money supply now increasing again 3. Deficit/Debt expectations 4. Updated tariff expectations on inflation, growth, etc. 5. Latest expectations for the social security trust fund 6. Trends in stock valuations, earnings and operating profit margins
featured image for july 2025 newsletter for Boyce & Associates Wealth Consulting
By Eric Boyce July 1, 2025
Dear Clients and Friends,
featured image for Boyce & Associates Wealth Consulting post: 10 worst mistakes in estate planning
By Lindsey Sharpe July 1, 2025
Estate planning is one of the most foundational steps you can take to protect your legacy and loved ones. Unfortunately, many people make costly errors that create confusion, delay, and unintended consequences. Here are the ten most common estate planning mistakes to avoid: 1. Not Having a Plan Dying without a will or trust means state laws dictate who inherits your assets, often leading to outcomes you never intended. Do not let the courts decide. 2. Failing to Update Documents Life changes — like marriage, divorce, or the birth of a child — require updates. Outdated plans can send assets to the wrong people. You should update every 5 years at the minimum. 3. Not Planning for Incapacity Without a durable power of attorney or healthcare directive, your family may need court intervention to manage your affairs if you're incapacitated. This makes sure someone can pay your bills while you are not able to. 4. Choosing the Wrong People or too many people Naming an untrustworthy or incompetent executor, trustee, or agent can lead to mismanagement, delays, and legal disputes. Having multiple trustees or executors makes decision making difficult. 5. Ignoring Beneficiary Designations Retirement accounts and insurance policies bypass your will. If designations are outdated, assets may go to unintended recipients. I have heard of ex-spouses receiving tax-free insurance payout and not the current spouse. Check the beneficiaries every year. 6. Overlooking Tax Implications Failing to consider estate or gift taxes can shrink your legacy. Strategic gifting and trusts can minimize tax burdens. In 2025 the lifetime estate and gift exemption is $13.99 million per person. However, if Congress does not do anything, the exemption amount goes down $7 million on January 1, 2026. If your estate is more than the exemption it will be taxed at your tax rate. Example: If you pass in 2025 and your estate is $15 million, the taxable amount is $1.01 million. You would owe $404,000. In 2026, if nothing changes, your tax would be on $8 million. You would owe 40% on $8 million, $3.2 million in taxes. 7. Fund your Trust Trusts can avoid probate, ensure privacy, and manage inheritances over time. Without them, assets may be misused or delayed. Make sure you title what you can in your trust or put as beneficiaries if necessary. Consult your lawyer and make sure they walk you through how to retitle property and investments in the Trusts name. 8. Forgetting Digital Assets Without access to online accounts and passwords, heirs may lose valuable financial and sentimental property. Even if you are in the hospital incapacitated, who is going to keep paying the monthly bills. Have a plan! 9. Leaving Assets Directly to Minors Minors can't legally own property. Without trust, courts step in — and full control often transfer at age 18. If you have trust, you will have the trustee manage the assets for the minors. You have more control from the grave with a Trust. Feel free to put in there that they must be debt free other than a mortgage for a year or get an education. They must complete it before a trustee releases the funds. I do not want my 18-year-old getting a lot of money right away! 10. Going DIY Without Legal Help Online forms can’t replace personalized legal guidance. Mistakes here often cost far more than hiring an expert. Here is a real-life example, A man drafted his own will. He was divorced and had 6 kids. In the will he stated that his kids would each get 1/6% of the estate and his ex-wife would have the remainder. The kids collectively only got 1% (1/6*6), the ex-wife got 99%. All because of a percentage symbol. Just be careful. Spending the money now will save you in the long run. Avoiding these mistakes ensures your legacy is secure and your wishes are honored.
featured image for boyce & associates charts and chat
By Eric Boyce June 22, 2025
This week, CEO Eric Boyce, CFA discusses: 1. Implications from the bombing of Iran 2. looking ahead to possibilities surrounding the expiration of the 90 day tariff moratorium 3. foreign ownership of equities rising/US v. International valuations are well out of line with trends 4. sources of concern for consumers & probability of recession 5. private capital exits remain sluggish and new capital raises falling below recent trend due in part to uncertainty
featured image for a boyce wealth blog entitled what is risk management in financial planning
By Boyce & Associates June 20, 2025
Key Takeaways Risk management is about preparation, not prediction. You can’t control everything, but you can plan for what might go wrong. It helps protect your financial goals . Whether you're saving, investing, or planning for retirement, risk management keeps you on track when life takes a turn. The core steps include identifying, assessing, controlling, and reviewing risks. Common tools include insurance, diversification, emergency savings, and legal planning . These tools help reduce financial stress when unexpected events happen. Risk is normal , managing it gives you control. Instead of avoiding risk, a good plan helps you move forward with confidence. What is Risk Management in Financial Planning? Risk management in financial planning is the process of identifying, assessing, and taking steps to reduce the impact of potential financial losses. It helps people plan for events that could hurt their finances, like a market drop, unexpected medical bills, or even losing a job. The main goal is to protect your money and make sure your financial plan stays on track, even when things don’t go as expected. Some common types of financial risk include: Market risk – when your investments lose value because of changes in the stock market Inflation risk – when your money loses buying power over time Liquidity risk – when you can’t access your money quickly when you need it Liability risk – when you face legal or financial responsibility for something, like an accident or business issue Longevity risk – when you outlive your savings in retirement By creating a structured plan to manage these risks, people can feel more confident about the future. Planning ahead helps lower the chance of a big financial shock and gives you options when unexpected things happen. A strong risk management plan is not about avoiding all risk, it’s about being ready for it. Different professionals help manage financial risk as part of a larger financial planning process. A financial analyst usually focuses on numbers, trends, and investment performance. Their job is to look at the data and make forecasts. A financial planner or risk manager , on the other hand, looks at your full financial picture. They help build plans that protect your money, lower risk, and keep your goals within reach. The Four Components of a Risk Management Plan A strong risk management plan is built around four key components. Each part plays a different role in protecting your financial future. Below is a breakdown that shows both the purpose of each step (Objective) and how it’s actually done (Process):
Show More